Fix: handle zero input in binary_count_trailing_zeros

[kadambari25]

Description

This PR fixes an issue in the function binary_count_trailing_zeros.

Previously, the function returned 0 for input value 0. However, mathematically, trailing zeros for 0 are undefined, and returning 0 can lead to incorrect behavior in dependent algorithms.

Changes made

• Added validation for input 0
• Raised ValueError when input is zero
• Improved type checking
• Updated doctest examples accordingly

Fixes #14479

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Type of change

• Add an algorithm?
• Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
• Add or change doctests?
• Documentation change?

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Checklist:

• I have read CONTRIBUTING.md.
• This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
• I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
• This PR only changes one algorithm file.
• All filenames are in lowercase with no spaces or dashes.
• All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
• All function parameters and return values are annotated with type hints.
• All functions have doctests that pass automated testing.
• This PR includes the related issue number (Fixes fix: off-by-one error in binary_count_trailing_zeros for zero input #14479).